CPU- Brain of a computer

What does CPU refer to?

     It is a principal part of any digital computer system generally composed of the main memory, Control unit, and Arithmetic and logic unit. It constitutes the physical heart of the entire computer system.

      The CPU takes input, translates it into binary, performs basic functions, and sends the data to the correct output devices. It performs functions including arithmetic, logic, and cache memory.

          Modern CPUs contain several hundred million transistors. There are many different ways to compare computers including the number of processors they have, the amount of storage, or their clock speed. The clock speed defines how fast the CPU can execute instructions.

      CPU is made of silicon. silicon is semiconductor metal. An electrical connections to the pins that create contact with the motherboard. CPU produces lot of heat that’s why an “integrated heat spreader” is also exist to the top.

     

Transistors control the flow of electricity based on the binary code. Each switch is either on or off (one or zero). These signals carry out calculations. In 1971, a powerful computer had 2,300 transistors. By the year 2000, an average computer had over 3.3 million transistors. Even a very thin silicon chip contains several hundred million transistors.

Is PROGRAM required for CPU functionality?

      Yes, Each and every task or process progresses when a program executes correctly.So program is the core for the functionality of CPU.

       There is a program for everything a CPU does.You have a program that lets you use your web browser or a word processor. You have one that performs mathematical operations on a calculator or lets you type letters and characters on a keyboard. And there are programs that manage clicking and selecting elements with a computer mouse and pressing down on your laptop's touchpad.

Whatever it may be, there is a program for all computer activities.

Programs are sets of instructions that need to be executed in sequential, logical order and be followed precisely step-by-step.

They are written in a human-readable language – a programming language – by a programmer.Computers don't understand programming languages directly, so they need to be translated to a form that is easier understood.

That form is called machine language or binary.Binary is a base two numerical system. It's comprised of only two numbers: 0 and 1.

This reflects and ties in well with the only two possible states transistors have to control the ebb and flow of electricity – they are either on (1) or off (0).

So, under the hood, programs are stored as sequences of bits. Bits are another name for binary digits (sequences of 1s and 0s).

Programs are stored permanently and long term in a storage device, whether it's a HDD (Hard Disk Drive) or SSD (Solid State Drive).

These are non-volatile types of memory, meaning they store data even when the power is off.While a program is up and running and currently being used, though, all of its data is stored in the main, primary, memory or RAM (Random Access Memory).This type of memory is volatile, and all data is lost when the power shuts off.

How does  CPU works?

     Then the CPU is in charge of four tasks:

Fetch:- 

Fetching instructions from memory, in order to know how to handle the input and know the corresponding instructions for that particular input data it received. Specifically, it looks for the address of the corresponding instruction and forwards the request to the RAM. The CPU and RAM constantly work together. This is also called reading from memory.

Decode:-

Decoding or translating the instructions into a form the CPU can understand, which is machine language (binary).

Execute:-

Executing and carrying out the given instructions.

Store:-

Storing the result of the execution back to memory for later retrieval if and when requested. This is also called writing to memory.

Main Organs of CPU

     CU (short for Control Unit).

       It regulates the flow of input and output. It's the part that fetches and retrieves the instructions from main memory and later decodes them.

ALU (short for Artithmetic Logic Unit)

   The part where all the processing happens. Here is where all mathematic calculations take place, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as all the logical operations for decision making, such as comparing data.

Registers 

    An extremely fast memory location. The data and instructions that are currenlty being processed during the fetch-execute cycle are stored there, for quick access by the processor.

      Many computers use a microprocessor, which is a small chip that contains both the ALU and the CU on the same piece

Does CPU have it's types ?

     Yes, CPU have the following types

Single Core CPU: 

    The oldest type of computer CPUs is single core CPU. These CPUs were used in the 1970s. these CPUs only have a single core that preform different operations. This means that the single core CPU can only process one operation at a single time. single core CPU CPU is not suitable for multitasking.

Dual-Core CPU: 

      Dual-Core CPUs contain a single Integrated Circuit with two cores. Each core has its cache and controller. These controllers and cache are work as a single unit. dual core CPUs can work faster than the single-core processors.

Quad-Core CPU:

   Quad-Core CPUs contain two dual-core processors present within a single integrated circuit (IC) or chip. A quad-core processor contains a chip with four independent cores. These cores read and execute various instructions provided by the CPU. Quad Core CPU increases the overall speed for programs. Without even boosting the overall clock speed it results in higher performance.

   The multi-core processor revolution began with dual-cores and quad-cores. Instead of focusing on advancing clock speed, manufacturers fitted multiple CPUs on one chip. Nowadays, premium CPUs are hitting 32 cores, 64 cores, and more. Such CPUs are an excellent choice for video editors, game streamers, and users of demanding applications, though they may be something of an overkill for the average user.

Conclusion:-

  Thus, it is one of the most important and amazing parts of the PC, and also the most amazing devices in the world of technology.

All work that we do on our computer is performed directly or indirectly by the processor.i.e Central processing unit (CPU)